Warping may be evaluated in structural members which are modeled using shell or solid objects. Warping is not evaluated directly for frame objects. Further, warping moment of inertia Iw is not explicitly calculated. To characterize local warping within frames, members should be modeled as a combination of shell objects. Wide-flange (W) sections may be modeled this way, for example, when analysis is to consider the warping of flanges. Section cuts may then be defined to obtain normal stresses which result from combined flexure and warping.
How are warping stresses obtained for a beam?
Answer: Warping within a frame object may be analyzed by using a combination of shell objects to model the member.