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A *shell* is a three or four-node area object used to [model|kb:Modeling techniques] membrane and plate-bending behavior. Shell objects are useful for simulating floor, wall, and bridge deck systems; 3D curved surfaces; and components within structural members, such the web and flanges of a W-Section.

Shells may be homogeneous or layered throughout their thickness. Temperature-dependent, orthotropic, and [nonlinear|kb:Material nonlinearity] material properties may be assigned to [layered shells|Layered shells]. Layered shells will exhibit [localization|kb:LocalizationStrain localization within layerednonlinear shells] of nonlinear behavior. Shells may be assigned [edge constraints|kb:Constraint], and may be loaded in any direction, along any side.

Full shell behavior and the Mindlin-Reissner thick-plate formulation are recommended for analysis. Additional options and details are discussed in the {new-tab-link:http://www.csiberkeley.com/}CSI{new-tab-link} [_Analysis Reference Manual_|doc:CSI Analysis Reference Manual] (Homogeneous _and_ Layered, page 159).

{list-of-resources2:label=shell|drafts-root=Shell drafts}