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h1. Eigenvalue analysis

Please note that Buckling is the [load case|kb:Load case] used for *Eigenvalue analysis*.

Eigenvalue analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of a structure which is idealized as elastic. For a basic structural configuration, structural eigenvalues are computed from constraints and loading conditions. Buckling loads are then derived, each associated with a buckled mode shape which represents the shape a structure assumes under buckling. In a real structure, imperfections and nonlinear behavior keep the system from achieving this theoretical buckling strength, leading Eigenvalue analysis to over-predict buckling load. Therefore, we recommend Nonlinear buckling analysis.


h1. Nonlinear buckling analysis

Please note that Static, Nonlinear with P-Delta and Large Displacements is the [load case|kb:Load case] for *Nonlinear buckling analysis*.

Nonlinear buckling analysis provides greater accuracy than elastic formulation. Applied loading incrementally increases until a small change in load level causes a large change in displacement. This condition indicates that a structure has become unstable. Nonlinear buckling analysis is a static method which accounts for [material|kb:Material nonlinearity] and [geometric nonlinearities|P-Delta effect] (P-Δ and P-δ), load perturbations, geometric imperfections, and gaps. Either a small destabilizing load or an initial imperfection is necessary to initiate the solution of a desired buckling mode.


h1. Important considerations

* The primary output of linear buckling analysis is a set of buckling factors. The applied loading condition is multiplied by these factors such that loading is scaled to a point which induces buckling. Please refer to the {new-tab-link:http://www.csiberkeley.com/}CSI{new-tab-link} [_Analysis Reference Manual_|doc:CSI Analysis Reference Manual] (Linear Buckling Analysis, page 315) for additional information.

* Since the deflections, forces, and reactions of linear buckling analysis correspond to the normalized buckled shape of a structure, users must run Nonlinear buckling analysis to obtain the actual displacements, forces, and reactions. Figure 1 illustrates the Nonlinear-buckling-analysis output of a column subjected to an initial imperfection where lateral load induces displacement equal to 0.6% of column height. Softening behavior indicates the onset of buckling.

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!Evaluate_buckling_by_nonlinear_analysisFigure 1.png|align=center,border=0!

{center-text}Figure 1 - Nonlinear buckling analysis of a column{center-text}

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Users may download the analytical model for this system through the [P-Delta effect for fixed cantilever column|tp:P-Delta effect for a cantilevered column] test problem.


h1. See Also

* [kb:Nonlinear buckling]