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*Shrinkage* is a time-dependent volumetric change associated with the drying and moisture transfer, thermal effects and gradients, and autogenous behavior (early-age chemical and structural reactions) of restrained reinforce-concrete (RC) systems. Shrinkage may cause aesthetic, serviceability, and even stability issues with the onset of cracking, curling/warping, and reduced load-carrying capacity. Once the tensile strength of a RC system is exceeded, cracking begins to develop, then propagates with the advancement of shrinkage behavior.

Restraint conditions which influenceaffect shrinkage behavior may be external, as with supports, connections, and boundary conditions, or internal, as with differential drying and reinforcement. Shrinkage cracking is mitigated with increased amounts of reinforcement at decreased spacing, and with the inclusion of coarse aggregate which is dense, hard, and less compressible. Further, theThe proper early-age handling and curing of concrete further mitigates shrinkage while enhancing long-term life expectancy and performance.

Shrinkage and other time-dependent material behaviors, including [creep|kb:Creep], aging, and [tendon|kb:Tendon] relaxation, may be applied to structural objects using [staged-construction|kb:Staged construction] analysis. Staged construction is a [nonlinear-static|kb:Nonlinear] application available to {new-tab-link:http://www.csiberkeley.com/}CSI{new-tab-link} Software with Ultimate {new-tab-link:http://csiberkeley.com/sap2000/levels-V15}Levels and Features{new-tab-link}. Additional information may be found in the {new-tab-link:http://www.csiberkeley.com/}CSI{new-tab-link} [_Analysis Reference Manual_|doc:CSI Analysis Reference Manual] (Staged Construction, page 396).


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h1. See Also

* [Creep] section