Bridge modeler uses large stiffness for all links and springs representing rigid constraints or restraints. This avoids the instability problem that can occur when constraints become The SAP2000 bridge modeler and CSiBridge create rigid constraints (restraints), such as with fixed bearings, by applying large stiffness values to link and spring objects. This allows the software to calculate forces which may not be computed when links are bound by truly fixed DOF. This also avoids instability issues which may arise when constraints are coupled. SAP2000 and CSiBridge allow provide for coupled constraints, and they often work fine, but not always. For the fixed links at the bearing, the use of stiff rather than rigid properties also allows the program to calculate forces that can not be calculated when using fixed links.The downside of using large stiffnesses is (1) determining how big is big enough to act as fixed, but (2) not too big though users should take precaution.

Uncertainty exists when determining sufficiently large stiffness values. Values must be large enough to simulate fixity, but not so large as to cause numerical problems, such as with lost digits of accuracy.The bridge modeler uses accuracy. CSI Software assigns fixity stiffness as the product of 1e4 and the stiffness of a cubic meter unit-volume of concrete, multiplied by about 1e4. This choice is possible because we have some idea as to the size of . Following this computation for a typical bent cap or abutment, to which these stiffnesses connect. Thus in kN-m units, AE/L = 1e4 * (1 * 1 * 20e6 / 1 * 1e4 ) ≈ 1e11 . Other stiffnesses such as (kN-m). Since other stiffness components (AG/L, EIaEI/L, EIbEI/L3, etc, are all of about the same order in kN-m units. The value of 1e11 kN/m is used for "rigid" translational stiffnesses, L^2, cEI/L^3) are of comparable magnitude, CSI Software uses 1e11 kN-m for rigid translational stiffness and 1e11 kN-m/rad is used for all " rigid " rotational stiffnesses, converted to the current units.

For other types of structures, you have to make your own determination as to the values to use.

Note that in the bridge modeler, you can specify your own link properties for bearings and foundation springs instead of using the fixed option. Our recommendation is to use reasonably large stiffnesses instead of fixed DOF, to avoid coupling with other links or rigid body constraints used in the model.

Applicability

The information in this article applies to bridge modeler in SAP2000 V12 through V14 and to CSiBridge V15+rotational stiffness.

In the bridge modeler, users may specify link properties for bearing and foundation springs, rather than using the option for fixity. To avoid rigid body constraint and coupling with other links, CSI recommends reasonably large stiffness values on the order of 1e11 (kN-m) for concrete systems, and not true fixity.