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CSI Software uses d’Alembert’s principal to automatically determine [acceleration loads|Acceleration load] at each joint and element of a structure. These loads are used in the application of ground acceleration during time-history analysis. The [CSI Analysis Reference Manual|doc:Analysis Reference Manual] (chapter: Load Cases, section: Acceleration Loads) explains this topic in greater detail.

*To manually apply* acceleration loads, it is necessary to first convert the acceleration time-history record into its corresponding *displacement time-history record*. Appendix J of Dr. Edward L. Wilson’s text _Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures_ outlines this process.

To summarize Appendix J, ground acceleration is idealized, within each time increment, as linear (Figure 1).

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!Figure 4.png|align=center,border=1!
{center-text}Figure 1 - Ground acceleration record{center-text}

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Integration of acceleration and velocity, at each time step, then yields expressions for ground velocity and displacement (Figure 2).

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!Figure 5.png|align=center,border=1!
{center-text}Figure 2 - Expressions for a, v, and d, derived through integration{center-text}

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Evaluation of these expressions at t = ∆t yields a set of recursive equations (Figure 3).

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!Figure 6.png|align=center,border=1!
{center-text}Figure 3 - Recursive equations characterizing ground motion{center-text}

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These expressions may then be used to translate a ground acceleration record into its corresponding displacement record.

This double integration procedure, previously described, should produce zero displacement at either end of the record. If non-zero displacement does exist, it is then necessary to apply a base line correction. Figure 4 presents a formulation for this process.

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!Figure 7.png|align=center,border=1!
{center-text}Figure 4 - Algorithm for zero displacement at record ends {center-text}

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Once the displacement time-history record has been produced, users may continue with manual acceleration-load application by defining a [load pattern|Load pattern] which applies, at joints of interest, joint-displacement unit values in the direction of simulated acceleration. It is also necessary to restrain these joints only in the direction of loading. Users may then create a time-history function which will envelope the response of these points, and finally, define a time-history [load case|Load case] which specifies both the displacement and the time function.