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{live-template:Test Problem}

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Modal [Timetime-history|kb:Time-history analysis] analysis is well-suited for the [modeling|kb:Modeling techniques] and analysis of *human-induced vibrations* which result from pedestrian footfalls and such other impacts. ThisGuidelines testare problempresented providesin guidelinesthis fortest the processproblem. Please note that parameters are not realistic. It is up to the engineer to determine load magnitude, stride length, load frequency, and other input values.

Human-induced vibrations may be modeled as follows:

# Define a [load case|kb:Load case] for each footfall location, and for convenience, name each according to the loading sequence, such as Step 1, Step 2, etc. For example, 100 footfall locations would require 100 load cases.
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# For each load case, apply a point load in the location of the corresponding footfall. It may be convenient to use a unit load, then adjust magnitude when setting the scale factor.
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# Define a single time-history function which will represent the footfall sequence. If a unit load is applied to each load case, set the magnitude in the function definition. Additional functions may be defined to consider multiple impulse-function shapes.
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# Define a time-history analysis case from the following options:
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#* [Modal|kb:Modal analysis] time history based on [Eigen|kb:Ritz vs. Eigen vectors] modes, where a sufficient number of modes should be captured for the given structure.
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#* Modal time history based on [Ritz|kb:Ritz vs. Eigen vectors] modes, which may be a better option as far as analysis goes, though Ritz formulation requires as many modes as there are footfall locations and load cases, since each position must be considered as a starting load vector. For example, 100 footfalls require 100 modes.
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#* Direct-integration time history, which is not based on modes, but rather a step-by-step process. Direct integration typically demands more time, but if a large number of modes are necessary for modal analysis, direct integration may be more viable.
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# Add each footfall load case to the Loads Applied section (Figure 1), and specify the impulse function, scale factor, and arrival time. The timing of load sequence should be carefully considered and calculated, since arrival time and the application of impact is critical to dynamic response. Ensure that sufficient time steps are provided in the Time Step Data section to cover the duration of the time history.

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!vibration.jpg|align=center,border=0!

{center-text}Figure 1 - Loads Applied{center-text}


h1. See Also

* [Floor vibration due to human footfalls|etabs:Floor vibration due to human footfalls] [ETABS|etabs:Home]\-specific article


h1. Attachments

* [SAP2000 model |Human-induced vibrations^SAP2000 V11.0.8 model.zip] (zipped SDB file, V11.0.8)